Friday, August 17, 2007

La Fiesta de La Virgen de Asunta en Laja. 2007/08/12

La Fiesta de La Virgen de Asunta en Laja

Desfile de 6 de Agosto en Batallas, 2007/8/06

Desfile de 6 de Agosto en Batallas

Tuesday, March 06, 2007

但願(Ojala) -- Silvio Rodriguez



古巴歌手在智利...

Ojalá que las hojas no te toquen el cuerpo cuando caigan
para que no las puedas convertir en cristal.
Ojalá que la lluvia deje de ser milagro que baja por tu cuerpo.
Ojalá que la luna pueda salir sin ti.
Ojalá que la tierra no te bese los pasos.

Ojalá se te acabe la mirada constante,
la palabra precisa, la sonrisa perfecta.
Ojalá pase algo que te borre de pronto:
una luz cegadora, un disparo de nieve.
Ojalá por lo menos que me lleve la muerte,
para no verte tanto, para no verte siempre
en todos los segundos, en todas las visiones:
ojalá que no pueda tocarte ni en canciones

Ojalá que la aurora no de gritos que caigan en mi espalda.
Ojalá que tu nombre se le olvide a esa voz.
Ojalá las paredes no retengan tu ruido de camino cansado.
Ojalá que el deseo se vaya tras de ti,
a tu viejo gobierno de difuntos y flores.

Ojalá se te acabe la mirada constante,
la palabra precisa, la sonrisa perfecta.
Ojalá pase algo que te borre de pronto:
una luz cegadora, un disparo de nieve.
Ojalá por lo menos que me lleve la muerte,
para no verte tanto, para no verte siempre
en todos los segundos, en todas las visiones:
ojalá que no pueda tocarte ni en canciones

Ojalá pase algo que te borre de pronto:
una luz cegadora, un disparo de nieve.
Ojalá por lo menos que me lleve la muerte,
para no verte tanto, para no verte siempre
en todos los segundos, en todas las visiones:
ojalá que no pueda tocarte ni en canciones

Sunday, February 18, 2007

Devil's Miner





The Devil's Miner is the story of 14 year-old Basilio Vargas and his 12 year-old brother Bernardino, as they work in the Bolivian silver mines of Cerro Rico, which date back to the sixteenth century. Through the children's eyes, we encounter the world of devout Catholic miners who server their ties with God upon entering the mountain. It is an ancient belief that the devil, as represented by hundreds of statues constructed in the tunnels, determines the fate of all who work within the mines.

Raised without a father and living in virtual poverty with their mother on the slopes of the mine. The boys assume many adult responsibilities. They must work to afford the clothing and supplies vital to their education. Basilio believes only the mountain Devil's generosity will allow them to earn enough money to continue the new school year. Without an education, the brothers have no chance to escape their destiny in the silver mines.

此段描述出自Devil’s Miner的官網
http://www.thedevilsminer.com/index_new.html

這兩位導演同時還與幾個援助組織合作,參與協助改善玻利維亞(尤其在Potosi一帶)在礦場中工作兒童生活的計畫。(出處如上)

KINDERNOTHILFE, a German aid organization, is fighting together for better living conditions and alternative income sources for the children of Potosi. 400 youths now receive medical care, extra healthy food, school lessons and school materials. In addition, their parents learn how to read and write and participate in vocational training courses.
http://www.kindernothilfe.de/projekte/lateinamerika/90031/AA/index_main.html

CARE is working to reduce child labor in Bolivia's silver mining regions by mproving access to education and preparing children for jobs outside the mines. Help CARE aintain its educational and vocational projects. Please donate directly at:
http://www.care.org/devilsminer
http://www.careusa.org
http://www.carebolivia.org

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) is the United Nations specialized agency seeking the promotion of social justice and internationally recognized human and labor rights. To learn about the ILO's efforts eliminating the most dangerous forms of child labor, and to download a free classroom study guide, go to: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/wdacl/2005/index.htm

USHPA-USHPA contributes to the living standards of 150 mining children through a day care center outside of Cochabamba, Bolivia.
http://www.ushpa-ushpa.com

Monday, February 05, 2007

懸掛在電線桿上的人形布偶

在El Alto看過幾次。感覺是很強烈又怪異的。他們說,人形布偶是貪污的前總統Goni,或是,偷竊的賊兒。高高懸掛在人來人往的街道旁,似乎是尋常景象。我的驚訝來自那強烈的對比與區隔感,以及,潛藏在抗爭背後的暴力與仇恨。

布偶給我的感覺是仇恨,與焚燒的輪胎與玻璃碎屑相互連結。

驚訝與某些時刻的格格不入,也許也來自我的初來乍到。儘管親近的朋友們就是構成抗爭的群眾基礎,同理心上也交疊著恐懼、疏離與陌生。我們共享對壓迫與不平等的認識,但那同時是他們的生存經驗與真實處境。這些矛盾的情緒,突顯了我的「他者」身分...

記得,那一日天氣晴好。高原的公路筆直地延伸到視線的盡頭,黃色的土地與藍色的天空。然而地面上的活動既激烈又平緩。住在公路附近的人們圍攏在一起,男人們堆起石塊與鐵絲作為路障,女人與孩子坐在路中央。他們說,「經過的男人停下來,拿一塊石頭堆在路障上才能走。女人則免。」

我停下來等候從Laja一路同行的一位中年男子,他正要騎腳踏車回El Alto的家。聽多了路人會搶劫queso(起司)的消息(繪聲繪影,攔路人會問,你有沒有帶?繼而檢查你的包袱),我把預備帶給朋友的Laja麵包托這男子掛在他的腳踏車上。快要到城市時,一位老人走在路上兜售冰淇淋,(0.5 BS.價錢極為低廉因此所有行走的人們都會買上一支)

他買了一支給我。

他說,「我住的地方已經快要沒有糧食了。沒有麵粉,沒有瓦斯,沒有糖...什麼都沒有。」我把麵包分了一半給他,還有他許多的家人。

在分別的路口,人群特別多。我們默默穿過滿地的石塊、玻璃碎屑與垃圾,牽著腳踏車過河床。揮手說再見後他繼續向前騎。

那一瞬間,我似乎是,比較能夠體會,在抗爭的激烈背後,是作為一個人的生活要求與情感要求。這是多麼地基本卻又艱難。


圖片來源:
http://www.payer.de/bolivien2/bolivien0230.htm

描述的民族誌

20060208

「先把難的部份解決了,再做簡單的部份,這樣,壓力就不會這麼大了」,往龍潭的台三線上,父親對我說。

寫論文的這個階段,簡單的部份是閱讀。不斷地閱讀,越讀越喜歡,鑽進書裡頭卻忘了實際發生在過去那個年度裡的事,遇見的人,才是我的重點。 難的是,就是專心地寫。就算覺得,「嘎,這是什麼鬼啊?」,還是得對著這些斷簡殘編,意志強大地,寫下去。

就是這樣吧。(唉,深深地吸一口氣,再吐出來)

昨天還是看完了些喜歡的文章:
"Enduring Indians",談Maya Indian意象在瓜地馬拉的族群政治中如何被建構、理解與操作。
"The Photograph, as an Intersection of Gazes: The Example of National Geographic",簡介「凝視」(gaze),以及參與者(攝影師、編輯、讀者、被拍攝的第三世界主體)間的關係。

uta借我的"Here, Our Culture is Hard"的導論。這本貝里斯(Belize)的民族誌,描寫Maya女性所遭遇的家庭暴力。Laura J. McClusky的故事是,一位女商販的問話(妳喜歡男人嗎?我不喜歡,因為丈夫會鞭打我),讓她發現自己對此的無力與疑惑,進而展開這個在人類學領域中被視為封閉禁止的議題。(申請不到經費的她,工作四年,帶著美金4000元與筆記型電腦,就展開一年的田野)

Maya民族誌有許多都像說故事般,擺脫民族誌常有的政治、親屬、經濟、宗教等書寫結構。像是,描寫墨西哥的貧窮文化。Laura也是這樣的,她的書裡有好幾段故事,「我一天之中做許多次的筆記,盡量地,把整個情境,依我所能,記錄下來,當然我知道,沒有任何一種認識(understanding)是完整的」。

她稱此為,描述的民族誌(Narrative Ethnography)。

Mayan Life 500 Years

500 Tragic Years of Mayan Life,
Shown in an Exhibition of Outreach and Hope

GUATEMALA CITY, Aug. 22, 2004
By CATHERINE ELTON (The New York Times)


Guatemala is known by most of the world for the soaring pyramids of the ancient Maya and the colorful weavings of their contemporary descendants. Folkloric images of the Maya Indians have been used to help attract tourism to a nation that was until eight years ago ravaged by a three-decade civil war. But within Guatemala, the Maya are often treated with no such respect.

Many Mayan leaders say they are disappointed with the scarce improvements in opportunities for the Maya, who make up roughly half of Guatemala's population and who most keenly suffered the war's wrath.

But now a traveling exhibition titled "Why Are We the Way We Are?," which opened in Guatemala's capital last week and will continue until June of next year, is trying to prompt a long-overdue national dialogue between the country's dominant nonindigenous population and the Maya. Created by the Guatemala-based Center for Mesoamerican Research with the collaboration of some top American museologists, the show has rallied support from business groups, media and government itself, elevating it to nothing less than a national event. At the exhibition's inauguration, Vice President Eduardo Stein of Guatemala hailed it as a "watershed in history."

"The significance of most shows comes from superlatives: the most beautiful Faberg´ eggs, the only intact tyrannosaurus rex, the most Monets in one place at a time," said Jim Volkert, the associate director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian, who was a consultant on the exhibition. "This show isn't that at all. Its significance is that it has the ability to affect the culture of a country, and that is rare in a museum context," he said.

Some indigenous activists say the Maya are the victims of a de facto apartheid instigated by Guatemala's non-Maya, while other Guatemalans deny that racism exists. What is certain, however, is that Guatemala is the country with the second-greatest income disparity between rich and poor in Latin America, behind only Brazil, according to the World Bank. And on which side of the divide citizens here find themselves depends largely on whether they are Indian.

United Nations statistics reveal that for every 10 Guatemalans who live in extreme poverty, seven are indigenous. Guatemala's version of a truth commission, the Historical Clarification Commission, concluded that during the country's armed conflict the vast majority of those who were killed, raped or tortured or who disappeared were Maya Indians. Some 200,000 were killed in the 36-year conflict. The commission also concluded that the military's scorched earth campaign amounted to genocide against the Mayas.

The show material is based on scholarly research on inter-ethnic relations and feedback from focus groups, and it forms part of a larger educational campaign here devoted to diversity. But for Tani Adams, the show's executive director, an exhibition format was the most logical way to promote a profound reckoning with a social ill that 500 years of history has rendered acceptable and even invisible to much of the population, indigenous and nonindigenous alike.

"Thousands of thousands of books have been written about this and are clearly not making a difference," said Ms. Adams, who is also the director of the Center for Mesoamerican Research, which created the show. "It's not like you read a book and say 'I'm never going to be racist again.' And I think a lot of training to deal with racism or ethnocentrism basically tells people, 'It's bad that you are racist, do something different.' But if you don't understand how you inherited these ideas you can't let them go. You need to go through a personal, transformative experience, a disorganizing experience, something that makes you question ideas you have always held unconsciously."

Claudio Tam Muro, an Argentine artist and designer, assumed the challenge of producing that experience in a 500-square-foot show that could be packed up on the back of a flatbed and taken to some of the most far-flung parts of the country after its six weeks in the capital. As a result, the show is almost devoid of the objects or artifacts that are the backbone of most museum shows. Rather, it relies on life-size photography (providing some visitors with their first experience of looking eye to eye with an indigenous person), graphics, video, audio, short texts and interactive tools.

Mr. Muro set out to use different sensory media to communicate the show's message. The result is a roughly hourlong zigzagging circuit divided into two sections. The bulk of the first section addresses the historical construction of discrimination. It is careful not to omit mentions of the discrimination that existed in pre-Colombian societies, before moving on to the violence of the Spanish conquest, the segregated society of the colonial years, and the crusade for assimilation during the Republican era. This section is filled with tightly spaced areas whose walls are painted in rich, dark colors. It culminates in a small black space with a low ceiling that produces for the visitor the claustrophobia that Mr. Muro says is "what discrimination feels like."

Afterward the visitor emerges into the second section, which addresses modern-day Guatemalan race relations. It explores stereotypes and their effects; the staggering statistics of how the two Guatemalans live; and it features testimonies about how many Guatemalans see their identity. In this section the spaces get progressively larger and the colors brighter, while the content becomes a more upbeat message about diversity.

"The easiest thing to create is a polemic or an exhibit of anger, but that will only work for the committed," said Elaine Heumann Gurian, former deputy director of the National Holocaust Museum in Washington, who was a consultant on the show. "This exhibit points no fingers,'' she said. "It says we are all in this together and have to solve it together."

The text in the show is spare, understated, almost simple. But the the creators hope that conversations and debates will emerge from it. For instance, Juan Luis Hernandez left the exhibition recently with ideas he said he hadn't ever considered. The Maya Indians who crouch over the earth on his father's plantation and the servant who cleans his room are the only indigenous people this 17-year-old has ever talked to. And he admits, he's never even talked much to any of them.

He said that what struck him most was a video in which an Indian woman "says that indigenous people do want to be included in society and progress, but don't feel they are allowed to."

"I had always thought Indians were poor because they didn't want to get ahead in life," Mr. Hernandez said, "but the truth is, I've never asked them what they wanted."

Cholita Remedios

NotiSur - Latin American Political Affairs //May 30, 1997

女議員瑞美狄歐斯洛莎的訪談

(陳品姮 譯)

本文經過秘魯利馬的Noticias Aliadas所同意再次刊印。本文最初是拉美評論(Latinamerica Press)於1997年五月一日刊出。 瑞美狄歐斯洛莎是首位成為玻利維亞國會議員的艾瑪拉女性,而她也是首位參選總統的女性。洛莎是由祖國意識黨(CONDEPA)所推舉的候選人。在該黨創始人Carlos Palenque於三月意外逝世後,她被選為接替的領導者。在下面的訪談中,洛莎與拉美評論的編輯艾麗莎討論有關六月一日的總統與議會選舉,以及其政黨的政見。


拉美評論:對六月一日選舉貴政黨的政見為何?

洛莎:由Carlos Palenque所制訂的政見是反自由主義計畫。此經濟模型並不符合拉美的現實。使富者愈富,貧者愈貧。CONDEPA運動有三個基本原則:參與民主(participatory democracy)、生產(production)與反貪污(anti-corruption)。…這必須是個為國、為人民的模型。我們的力量在於作為唯一反新自由主義的政黨。

拉美評論:妳的對手是兩位前總統,妳覺得自己與他們的政見有何不同?

洛莎:差別在於他們是新自由主義者,而我是反新自由主義者。

拉美評論:妳認為下一個總統將會遇到的主要困難是什麼?

洛莎:貧窮會是主要的難題。新自由主義將我們帶入一個非人的生活。這個模型只呈現了統計數據,而非人。我們希望人性化這個模型,並且將展現一個奠基在此地現實之上的經濟計畫。

拉美評論:國家內最主要的勞動組織(COB)揚言將不讓總統Gonzalo有任何喘息的機會,直到他下台。妳的政黨對此聲明有何觀點?

洛莎:我們認為勞工們在抗爭上是對的。總統先前宣稱若當選將增加五十萬個工作機會。但他做了什麼?完全相反。他使五十萬人失業。這些勞工無法找到工作,他們不知道如何繼續扶養孩子。他們過去是貧窮的,但現在更是折磨。工人們有權要求他們努力所得,也就是一份合理的薪資。

拉美評論:六月一日將啟動新的選舉系統。在此新系統中,玻利維亞人將不再投給政黨提名人以組成國會,而將知道誰是國會成員的確切人選。這將造成國會中具群眾基礎的人選大增嗎?

洛莎:我認為如此,但我有我的疑慮與關懷。人們應當清楚他們的支持者,應當決定哪個人選最符合其利益。但是玻利維亞政治與其他世界一樣都是貪污的。去年在國會中我們有十五個成員,但如今只有五個代表。為什麼?因為當成員覺得方便時就會轉換政黨。去買一個國會議員是很容易的。當依據政黨提名而選出一個議員,而他對其政黨卻根本就不負責任時,該怎麼辦?他們將成為一種商品,賣給出價最高的人。

拉美評論:依妳來看,最近幾年玻利維亞女人的角色如何轉變?

洛莎:我的存在作為一個重要的進展是因為,有史來第一次女人能夠參選總統。而且還不是任何一個女人,而是一個穿著表現其文化之傳統服飾的艾瑪拉女人。我的參選標記著歷史的新階段。這對玻利維亞女人的政治、社會與經濟參與都是很重要的。因為像我這樣社會背景的女人能夠與傳統的候選人競爭,民主得以取得其力量。

拉美評論:玻利維亞的女人在這新路徑上遭遇了什麼挑戰?

洛莎:對女人來說這仍然是困難的。我們的國家依舊建立在父權與之上,而沙文主義同樣濃厚。儘管如此,對平等的願望仍然在我的國家進行著。但我們必須奮鬥以達致平等。憲法必須清楚說明男女有同樣的權利。


BOLIVIA: INTERVIEW WITH CONGRESSWOMAN REMEDIOS LOZA

[The following article is reprinted with the permission of Noticias Aliadas in Lima, Peru. It first appeared in the May 1, 1997, edition of the weekly publication Latinamerica Press.]

Remedios Loza was the first Aymara woman elected to Bolivia's Congress, and she is the first woman to run for president of the country on a major party ticket. Loza is the candidate of the Conciencia de Patria (CONDEPA) movement. She was picked to lead the party after CONDEPA founder Carlos Palenque died unexpectedly in March. In the following interview, Loza talked with Latinamerica Press Managing Editor Elsa Chanduvi Jana about the June 1 presidential and congressional elections and her party's platform.


LP: What is CONDEPA's platform for the June 1 election?

Remedios Loza: The platform drafted by Carlos Palenque is an anti-neoliberal plan. Our Latin American countries have been exposed to economic models that do not correspond to our reality. Because they are models that have been imposed, they have made the poor poorer and the few rich in our countries richer. The CONDEPA movement has three basis principles: participatory democracy, production, and anti-corruption. We have a plan to change the neoliberal model that is currently in place. It has to be a model for the country, for the people. Our strength is that we are the only anti-neoliberal party.

LP: Your major competition in the elections are retired Gen. Hugo Banzer and Jaime Paz Zamora, both former presidents. What is the main difference between your candidacy and their platforms?

Loza: The difference is that they are neoliberals and I am anti-neoliberal.

LP: What are the principal problems Bolivia's next president will have to address?

Loza: Poverty is the principal problem. The neoliberal model has brought us an inhuman kind of life. The model shows us statistics, not people. We want to humanize the model, and we are going to present an economic plan based on our reality.

LP: The country's main labor organization, the Central Obrera Boliviana (COB), says that it will not give President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada any rest until he leaves office. How does your party view these statements?

Loza: We think that the workers are right in their protests. Sanchez de Lozada said he would create 500,000 jobs if elected president. And what did he do? Just the opposite. He has left more than 500,000 people without work. These workers cannot find jobs, they don't know how they are going to feed their children. They were poor before, but now they live in misery. Workers have the right to demand what they have gained through their

LP: A new election system will be inaugurated with the June 1 contest. In the new system, Bolivians will no longer vote for a party slate for Congress, but will know which members of Congress they are electing. Will the new system ive the grassroots sectors a greater presence in Congress?

Loza: I think so, but I have my doubts and my concerns. The people should obviously elect the candidate of their choice, they should decide that this man or this woman best represents their interests. But politics in Bolivia and the rest of the world is corrupt. Last year we had 15 members in Congress, but today we only have five representatives. Why? Because members can switch parties when they think it is convenient. It is easy to buy a member of Congress. If this happens with members who are elected from a party slate, what will happen when they are not even responsible to a party? They are going to be like merchandise, available to the highest bidder.

LP: In your opinion, how has the role of women in Bolivia changed in the past few years?

Loza: My presence has been an important step because, for the first time in the history of my country, a woman is running for president. And not just any woman, but an Aymara woman who wears clothing traditional to her culture. My candidacy marks a new stage in the history of this country. The steps that have been taken by Bolivian women have been important to our political, social, and economic participation. Democracy appears to be gaining strength because a woman from my social background can run and compete against the traditional candidates.

LP: What are some of challenges Bolivian women are encountering on this new path?

Loza: It is still difficult for women. Our countries are still based on patriarchy, and machismo is still strong. Nevertheless, this aspiration for equality is happening in my country. But we have to continue struggling to achieve true equality. Constitutions need to be clear that there are differences between men and women, but equal rights.

總統的新衣 / El Presidente's New Clothes

◎ By Edmundo Paz Soldán (Ithaca, N.Y.)


THE day after Bolivians elected the populist Evo Morales as their first-ever indigenous president, a colleague of mine back in New York called to ask about the fate of my relatives still in the country. "I mean," he said, "now that the machete-wielding, coca-chewing campesinos have taken over, shouldn't they leave before it's too late?" He also asked me to describe what was happening in the streets of La Paz, which I was then visiting. Were white middle-class owners boarding up their shops? Had they stopped wearing Western clothing and, as a cartoonist suggested, flocked to buy ponchos?

I normally would have complained about his stereotypical view of Bolivians - a people with such a penchant for coups and civil unrest that governing them has become an impossible feat - but this time I could not. I was too shocked by the maturity of Bolivians' reaction to Mr. Morales's election. Only seven months ago, the country was on the brink of civil war and regional disintegration, and Mr. Morales was seen by the urban, non-indigenous middle class as a rabble-rouser who, by ordering former miners, trade unionists and community activists to blockade roads and airports, had paralyzed the economy, isolated Bolivia from the rest of the world and toppled two elected presidents. People in the wealthy, eastern, lowland state of Santa Cruz, complaining of the "unruly Indians back in the West," were already demanding more autonomy from the central government; some were even calling for secession.

But when Evo Morales is inaugurated on Sunday, it will be thanks to the support of the educated middle class who used to be scared of him. Even in Santa Cruz, where middle-class white youngsters frequently pelted Mr. Morales with eggs upon his arrival at the airport, his Movement Toward Socialism party garnered enough votes on Election Day last month to acquire a seat in the national Senate. In truth, I had underestimated the ability of Bolivians to adjust to a new situation - indeed, to any situation.

I should have known better. When I was growing up in a fairly affluent neighborhood of Cochabamba, Bolivia's third largest city, I blithely rearranged my soccer games and dating adventures around each new ordinance or curfew imposed by the revolving military juntas. "There never are solutions in Bolivia," says my father, a retired doctor. "But there are always exits."

And this time Mr. Morales offered an artful exit from what had come to seem like an endless economic and political crisis. The politicians of the traditional parties did not realize how weary Bolivians had grown of the corruption of the white-collar establishment, and of a 20-year-old neoliberal model that had been able to stabilize the economy but could not make it grow.

As my uncle reminded me shortly before the election, Mr. Morales was likely to win in some measure because one of the indigenous people's three main commandments was "do not steal" - a rather surprising comment from my uncle, a retired general who, in 1993, had urged me to pray for the sitting president's health after an Aymara Indian had been elected vice president. All Mr. Morales had to do was to say time and again that while he was going to change the political and economic model, he would respect private property. He said that in plazas full of campesinos in the countryside, and in five-star hotel restaurants brimming with anxious businessmen.

Perhaps this is why some of my friends and relatives in Bolivia, even those who sometimes worried out loud about the coming Indian revenge against their former criollo rulers, willed themselves to pay attention only to the part of Mr. Morales's message that they wanted to hear. And Mr. Morales made it easy for them by quickly learning the main rule for a politician aspiring to the presidency: to adapt his message so that he can be whoever his listeners want him to be.

Thus, in his first trip abroad as president-elect, he was the old-school radical leader when in the company of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez and Cuba's Fidel Castro, but a reassuring voice in Spain and France, countries with interests in the Bolivian gas and oil industry who fear a nationalist confiscation of their holdings. At home, Mr. Morales has tempered his promise to abandon the neoliberal model with warnings that "we cannot undo in five years something that has been in place for decades."

Now, Bolivians have been fixating on what Mr. Morales will wear when he is invested as president Sunday. Will he choose traditional Indian dress, or, as a cousin of mine who voted for him wants, a "more appropriate" Western-style suit? Judging by what he has done and said lately, Mr. Morales seems likely to find a sartorial compromise aimed at pleasing as many voters as possible.

Edmundo Paz Soldán, a professor of Hispanic languages and literature at Cornell, is the author of the forthcoming "Turing's Delirium."


◎ The New York Times. January 20, 2006. Op-Ed Contributor

玻利維亞新政府將廢除原住民與婦女等部會

2006年1月19日11:54:0(京港台時間)
中央社記者黃明興巴拿馬市十八日專電

即將於二十二日就職成為玻利維亞第一位原住民總統的莫拉萊斯(Evo Morales)十八日表示,他決定廢除土著事務暨原住民族與婦女等部會,他認為這兩個部會的存在是對原住民與婦女的歧視。他說,這兩個部會現在已經不需要了,因為未來他的政府將由婦女與原住民領袖所組成。

多維新聞網:chinesenewsnet.com

Gobierno departamental y Local

@出自http://www.embolivia-brasil.org.br/politica/gobierno_departamental_y_local.htm


En 1989 Bolivia fue dividido en nueve departamentos que se subdividieron en noventa y cuatro provincias. Las provincias, a su vez, fueron divididas en secciones y las secciones en cantones. Siguiendo el sistema francés de gobierno, cada sección es gobernada por un prefecto que es nombrado por el presidente por un término de cuatro años. Prefectos tienen la autoridad en aspectos del ejército, materias fiscales y administrativas, trabajando en cada área bajo la supervisión del ministro apropiado. El control centralizado es asegurado por el nombramiento del presidente de subprefectos, oficiales que controlan la administración de las provincias. Los cantones son administrados por corregidores (oficiales administrativos nombrados después de los oficiales coloniales españoles), quién es nombrado por el prefecto de su departamento. Sirviendo bajo los corregidores están los agentes quiénes tiene funciones cuasi-judiciales y cuasi-ejecutivas.

El poder de nombramiento del presidente creó un sistema de patrocinio el cual le permite controlar hasta la unidad administrativa más pequeña. La oficina del prefecto fue importante para obtener la lealtad regional, sobre todo bajo los gobiernos militares.

En algunas áreas, los ayllus prevalecieron como el gobierno local principal. Años de regla militar no pudieron romper estas estructuras comunales. Cada comunidad seleccionó a sus jilacatas o mallcus para encabezar los ayllus. Esta práctica reflejó el predominio de un sistema político fuera de las estructuras del estado boliviano. Como resultado, el campesino boliviano era marginal al proceso político.

La principal estructura local fue el sistema gubernamental municipal. Históricamente, los gobiernos municipales en Bolivia demostraron ser susceptible a la inestabilidad política; se suspendieron procedimientos democráticos a nivel local desde la Guerra del Chaco hasta el año 1985. Durante este periodo sostuvieron elecciones municipales hasta 1948. Durante el periodo militar, los alcaldes de las ciudades fueron nombrados por el presidente, una práctica que previno el desarrollo de las estructuras gubernamentales locales y autónomas.

Por primera vez desde 1948, se tuvieron elecciones municipales en 1985. En gran medida, el resurgimiento de las elecciones municipales ha sido muy saludable para el desarrollo y consolidación de democracia en Bolivia.

Los gobernantes municipales están limitados por los periodos descritos en la Constitución y la Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades, una ley de 125 artículos fue aprobada en enero de 1985. La autonomía municipal se refiere principalmente a la elección directa y libre de autoridades municipales, el poder para extraer e invertir recursos y el poder para llevar a cabo planes y proyectos.

Existen cuatro tipos de gobiernos municipales en Bolivia. En las capitales de departamentos, los gobiernos municipales funcionan bajo la dirección de un alcalde, quién debe estar sujeto a un consejo municipal que cuenta con doce miembros. Las capitales de las provincias también funcionan bajo la dirección de un alcalde y seis miembros de la junta municipal. Las secciones provincianas son gobernadas por un cuatro miembros la junta municipal y un alcalde. En los cantones los gobiernos municipales funcionan bajo la dirección de agentes municipales.

Los gobiernos municipales tienen poderes ejecutivo, judicial, un contralor y las funciones del poder legislativo residen principalmente en el consejo municipal. El consejo gobierna a nivel local y el alcalde es subordinado a sus mandatos. Los alcaldes son elegidos por el consejo y son responden a sus miembros, a los cuales los pueden procesar legalmente.

Los alcaldes y miembros del consejo municipal son elegidos en cada departamento y provincia por un término de dos años. Para ser candidato al consejo o alcalde, una persona debe ser boliviano de nacimiento, tener veintiún años de edad (o dieciocho si casado), pertenecer a un partido político, y ser residente de la ciudad en la cual piensa representar. Los miembros del clero, empleados estatales, y militares en servicio activo no pueden correr para las elecciones.

Debido a que el consejo se elige en base a la representación proporcional, los partidos minoritarios tienen un grado significante de influencia. Específicamente, si el candidato para alcalde no recibe una mayoría de votos, los concejales deben elegir al próximo alcalde entre los 3 candidatos que recibieron el mayor número de votos.

La Secretaria Nacional de Cultura

@出自http://www.embolivia-brasil.org.br/secretar.htm

En 1975 se creó el Instituto Boliviano de Cultura, (IBC), con antecedentes en la creación de un Ministerio de Cultura en el Gobierno de Barrientos Ortunõ en 1965, luego, dicho Ministerio desapareció y el de Educación tomó el aditivo de "y cultura"; sin embargo, el IBC, en los hechos, se convirtío en una especie de subsecretaría de dicho Ministerio, que por problemas presupuestarios sólo realizó actividades en la sede de gobierno no pudiendo desarrollar una política de integración cultural con el resto del país.

En la nueva estructura del Poder Ejecutivo, el Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano absorbe antiguos ministerios y crea otras reparticiones, con las denominaciones de Secretarías Nacionales, las mismas que son:

Secretaría Nacional de Participación Popular
Secretaría Nacional de Educación
Secretaría Nacional de Salud
Secretaría Nacional de Cultura
Secretaría Nacional de Desarrollo Rural
Secretaría Nacional de Asuntos Urbanos
Secretaría Nacional de Asuntos Etnicos, de Género,
Generacionales y Asistencia Social
Secretaría Nacional del Deporte

La Secretaría Nacional de Cultura, comprende además de la
cabeza a cargo de un Secretario Nacional, dos Subsecretarías:

1. Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Cultural

a) Dirección Nacional de Arqueología y Antropología
Unidad de Arqueología
Unidad de Antropología

b) Dirección Nacional de Patrimonio Monumental
y Artístico Unidad de Catalogación
Unidad de Restauración y Conservación
Unidad de Arquitectura e infraestructura

C) Dirección Nacional de Derecho de Autor
Unidad de Registro de Derecho de autor
Unidad de Depósito Legal, Repositorio Nacional y Archivos

d) Unidad de Museos
Museo Nacional de Arte

Museo Nacional de Arqueología
Museo Tiwanaku
Museo de Samaipata
Museo de Uyuni
Museo Isla del Sol
Museo de Kusijata
Museo de Aiquile
Museo del Oro

2. Subsecretaría de Promoción Cultural

a) Dirección Nacional de Formación Artística Cultural
Escuela de Bellas Artes
Conservatorio Nacional de Música
Escuela de Danzas
Escuela de Música y folklore
Taller de Teatro
Taller de Títeres

b) Dirección Nacional de Música
y Artes Representativas
Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional
Ballet Folklórico Nacional
Socied.ad Coral Boliviana
Orquestas Juveniles
Unidad de Musicología
Ballet Folklórico de Cochabamba

c) Dirección Nacional de Banco del Libro
Bibliotecas y filiales
Hemeroteca y fototeca

d) Dirección Nacional de Historia y Literatura
Unidad de Historia
Unidad de Literatura

Dependiendo directamente del Secretario Nacional están:

Coordinación General: Unidad Audiovisual, Imprenta,
Archivo, galería de arte
Dirección General de Administración Financiera
Auditoría Interna
Departamento de Asesoría Legal
Unidad de Comunicación Cultural y Relaciones Públicas
Unidad de Relaciones Internacionales

Asimismo, la Secretaría Nacional de Cultura tiene la presidencia de la Dirección dei Consejo Nacional dei Cine (CONACINE) y su representación en el mismo a cargo de la Subsecretaría de promoción Cultural.


Fuente de consulta Secretaria Nacional de Cultura

那裡來了位cholita / Allá viene la cholita

Cholita /Gustavo Adolfo Renjifo, interpretado por Grupo Bandola

◎Gustavo應該是哥倫比亞人(是樂手或詩人?)。
◎這首哥倫比亞安地斯山區音樂,由班朵拉琴(Bandola)所演繹。


那裡來了位cholita。她將往何處去?她紫紅色的臉與燒焦了的裙子。
那裡來了位cholita。她將從哪兒來?在她的背上是她的現實

告訴我,美麗的cholita,沒有時間與年紀,妳在長路上以妳的清晰抵擋雨水與寒冷。妳何時起床,才會這麼早就在城市裡頭?

我很早起床以準備蠟燭,加熱開水,揉生玉米粉麵包並過濾咖啡。為要去小學的孩子做早餐,打掃廚房,擠牛奶,照料母雞,最後,回到床邊的角落,用祖母留下來的披肩,包盛起那些我昨天才結束的美麗編織。我去市場販賣,沒有自信能夠賣出好價錢,足以為孩子帶回雨和雪和蜂蜜的糖。而我的丈夫已去討生活。

那裡來了位cholita。她將要去哪兒呢?她紫紅色的臉與燒焦了的裙子。
那裡來了位cholita。她將打哪兒來?在她的背上是她的現實。

告訴我,美麗的cholita。沒有時間與年紀。在妳的背上擔負著什麼,我怎麼了聽見幾聲哭泣?柴薪與田野裡草梗的味道,這些是為了誰呢?

為了我背在身後的熟睡的孩子,用毛毯包裹,背在我的背上,從清晨到薄暮,(孩子的重量)感覺起來就像寂靜,但是他陪伴我,種下幻想,給我撫慰,來自那些已被遺忘的愛與愉悅。在背上我也揹著微笑,淚珠以及一些來自光亮一些來自黎明,以此我修復我的力量,並歌頌身為女人的榮耀。這是我的歷史,也是其他女人的...

pishtaco


Pishtaco
Este es uno de los personajes de mayor presencia en la narrativa oral andina. Se trata de un personaje prefigurado con presencia en las altas cordilleras, parajes desolados, lagunas y quebradas de los Andes. Tiene como caracteristica primordial su gran medida corporea y su aspecto de hombre blanco , barbudo y rubio o pelirrojo. Algunos han observado la similitud de este personaje con los antiguos conquistadores, Mistis o hijos de los terrieros españoles o mestizos blancos que teniendo fama de sanguinarios, inmorales y de lengua no reconocible por los quechuas, hacían de este un personaje diabólico e invencible como los ichillocllo o gnomos barbados, rubios lujuriosos que pueblan puquios y manantiales.

El "Nacaj" o Pishtaco no es un simple asesino. En su raíz mítica no mata por dinero ni por diversión, sinó por mandato de superiores con el fin de obtener una dotación de grasa humana. Segun versiones recientes recogidas en el Cuzco por F. Kauffmann (1974) esta grasa humana sería indispensable para el funcionamiento de maquinaria fina emplazada en Lima y para mezclarla con la gasolina para hacer volar a los aviones. El pishtaco pudo ser en tiempos pre-colombinos un comisionado oficial del sacerdocio, proveedor de material para los sacrificios.

Pishtaco是安地斯山區口述傳統中最常出現的人物形象之一。一個被想像的人物,出現在安地斯山區荒涼無人煙的高山地帶。其基本的特徵是金髮的白人男性。有人指出其與古老的征服者形象之相似處,不道德的、無法戰勝的。Pishtaco或是Nacaj並不是個簡單的暗殺者形象。他的神話根源並不是為了錢財、娛樂而殺人,而是為了人類的脂肪。根據F. Kauffmann(1974)在庫斯科(秘魯古城)所收集的各種版本,人類脂肪與飛機起降的石油相連結。Pishtaco可以是前哥倫比亞時期的地方長官,主掌獻祭的物資。

La muerte del Pishtaco (narración)
Cerca de la cueva de un Pishtaco, un anciano instaló su choza. Allí llegaba por las tardes a dormir, acompañado de un perro cuyo nombre era Jarimán. Al Pishtaco no le gustó la vecindad del anciano y ante el temor de ser descubierto, resolvió quitarle la vida. Una noche oscura se dirigió a la choza del anciano a quien encontró masticando coca.
- viejo, la plata o la vida!!

el anciano replicó:
- notengo dinero , ¿de dónde te voy a dar nada?

- entonces pagame con la vida - concluyó el Pishtaco listo a degollarlo.

Pero el anciano imploró una gracia diciendo:
- antes de que tu me hagas nada te pido un momentito para rogar a Dios y despedirme de mi perro cantando mi tristeza.

-Bueno! pero rápido! - fue la respuesta del Pishtaco.

En efecto, el anciano se puso a cantar llorando y rogó a Dios por la buena vida de su perro con estas palabras:
- Hay Jarimán , Jarimán! Hallegado la hora de mi muerte , el fin de mi destino, me voy de esta vida , hay Jarimancito!!!

El Perro que estaba por allí cerca, al escuchar las voces de su dueño vino disimuladamente corriendo, por detrás del Pishtaco de un salto lo cogió por la garganta y lo derribó al suelo. En ese momento el anciano cogió el puñal y lo plantó en el corazón del Pishtaco , quien murió en el acto.

El anciano enterró el cadaver en lachoza y fue a la cueva del Pishtaco donde encontró oro y plata en gran cantidad. Volvio rica la ciudad y en el resto de su vida cuido bastante a su querido Jarimán que le había salvado de una muerte segura.


Pishtaco的死亡。(傳說)

在一個Pishtaco的洞穴附近,有個老人搭起他的泥屋。在這裡他可以午睡,一隻叫做哈里曼的狗兒則陪伴著他。Pishtaco不喜歡這個老人待在他附近,並害怕自己會被發現,所以想要殺死老人。

一個黑暗的夜晚,他來到正在嚼食古柯葉的老人的泥屋中並對他說:「嘿老東西,你要錢還是命!」

老人答道:「我沒錢,我要到哪找錢給你呢?」

「那就把命給我吧。」已經有所準備的Pishtaco說。

老人慈祥地說道:「在你殺死我之前,可以給我一點時間嗎?我要向神祈禱並把正為我哀傷低鳴的狗兒送走。」

「沒問題!但動作快點!」這是Pishtaco的回答。

事實上,老人開始向神泣訴:「哈里曼,哈里曼!我的死期已到,我生命的盡頭。我正離世。我親愛的哈里曼。」

狗兒當下正在不遠處,聽見了主人的聲音便衝了過來,跳向Pishtaco並咬碎他的喉嚨。

之後,老人拿起匕首刺進Pishtaco的心臟;Pishtaco死於這爭鬥之中。

老人在泥屋中把屍體焚燒,進到Pishtaco的洞穴中,在那兒他發現為數可觀的金銀。

老人隨後回到城市裡度過富足地度過餘生,並且細心照料拯救了他生命的哈里曼。

2005玻利維亞總統選舉始末

2003/09/15:高原地區的農民開始封鎖交通要道,反對把政府建立天然氣管經過智利將瓦斯輸往美國,並要求政府接受其所提出的社會與政治訴求。玻國底層民眾反美情緒一直很盛,智利在太平洋戰爭打敗玻利維亞,並佔領玻國的出海口。因此民眾普遍認為,政府的天然氣出口計劃是將寶貴的國家資源出賣給貪婪的跨國公司,計劃不僅沒照顧到本國窮人的利益,還傷害了國人的民族感情。

2003/09/29:開始全面無限期罷工,不過只有部分地區支援。

2003/10/09-14:治安部隊與示威群眾在高地城(El Alto)的激烈衝突造成數十人死亡。

2003/10/13:政府通過最高行政命令,規定在出口天然瓦斯之前必先徵詢人民意見。

2003/10/17:在各方反對把天然瓦斯輸往美國的壓力下,以及政府軍在高地城鎮壓示威活動造成70餘人死亡後,總統Gonzalo Sanchez(簡稱Goni)與內閣部長、總統府發言人等宣佈辭職並逃往美國,副總統Mesa接掌政權。玻國媒體稱此為「天然氣戰爭」。Sanchez下台前一周曾數次公開表示不會辭職,態度甚為堅決,這是因為他錯估形勢。一家隸屬於教會的電台的負責人道出箇中緣由。這家電台在自己的網頁上做了一項關於對桑切斯支持度的調查。10466名投票者中,有6907人希望總統辭職,佔總數的66%。然而該網站遭到了駭客入侵,調查結果被篡改,要求總統辭職與支持總統留任的比例反了過來。於是Sanchez以為自己的支持度還高達2/3,認為只要採取強硬措施就可對付少數抗議者。等他明白過來時,已是眾叛親離。

2003/03/14:Mesa重組內閣,並下令召開公投以決定管理碳氫化合物改革計畫。Mesa曾是一名記者和歷史學家,沒有政黨背景。從政之前,他一直活躍在玻利維亞新聞界。他當過報社的副社長和電台負責人,電視上也經常出現他的身影。他多次獲得各項新聞獎,出版過十幾本書。2002年,應Sanchez之邀,他以獨立參選人的身份競選副總統獲得成功,並於同年8月6日正式就任。

2004/06/22:聖塔克魯斯市(Santa Cruz)有近四十萬人示威要求自治。

2004/07/18:玻利維亞舉行其歷史上第一次公投,通過廢除碳氫化合物法(能源法)。

2004/10/06:眾議院開始討論新石油管理條例。

2005/01/10:高地城四天的全面罷工迫使政府趕走法國蘇伊士公司(Suez)的一家從事下水道排水系統的子公司。

2005/01/29:聖塔克魯斯舉行群眾大會並通過組成自治地方政府,不受拉巴斯中央政府的管轄。

2005/02/20:Mesa頒布法令把自治公投與召開制憲大會併入憲法條文之中。

2005/03/07:Mesa反對正在國會中審議的碳氫化合物法(增加對外國石油公司課稅稅率(從15%提高到50%),以及反對黨取消出售天然氣計劃的要求,並回應反對黨領袖Evo Morales號召3月7日的全國性道路封鎖抗爭,Mesa首度提出辭呈。1天之後國會決定不予接受。

2005/03/15:Mesa提出提前舉行大選計畫,2天之後遭國會否決。

2005/04/08:Mesa出國訪問期間,參議院議長Vaca Diez代理總統發佈命令將於八月十二日召開各省省長第一次選舉。

2005/05/05:眾議院批准通過由參議院修正的新碳氫化合物法(新能源法)。

2005/05/11:Mesa總統宣佈5月16日舉行全國團結協商會議(Encuentro por la UnidadNacional),但是由於立法、司法部門及許多政黨與工會拒絕參加而作罷。

2005/05/17:國會議長Vaca Diez頒布新碳氫化合物法(新能源法),要求對投資玻利維亞天然氣工業的外國石油公司增加稅收。

2005/05/21:聖塔克魯斯省地方領袖在沒有法源支持下宣佈8月12日舉行自治公投。

2005/05/23:位於首都市郊的高地城發動新一波全面罷工,造成拉巴斯幾乎癱瘓。反對新能源法的兩極聲音。在天然氣儲量豐富的東部和南部地區,當地民眾和企業家反對增稅行為,並要求在經濟上獲得更大的自治權。經濟相對落後的北部地方居民和印第安人則認為政府的法律沒有滿足他們提出的天然氣工業國有化的要求,於是決定舉行大規模的抗議活動,使得局勢逐漸失控。大規模的抗議活動持續數周。玻利維亞警方稱,在全國範圍內有將近80條公路被示威者切斷,拉巴斯和許多大城市的高速公路無法行駛,導致日常生活用品出現了困難。拉巴斯的許多加油站都貼出了「無油可加」的告示,居民們搶購食品導致物價大幅上漲。

2005/05/31-06/01:國會未能順利召開會議討論各界示威群眾的訴求。

2005/06/01:示威抗議活動延伸全國各地,各處對外交通要道遭受封鎖。

2005/06/02:Mesa下令將於10月16日舉行地方自治公投並選出制憲代表,希望制止各地抗議浪潮。

2005/06/06:Mesa在短短不到3個月內2度提出辭呈。Mesa在國家電視臺發表講話,宣佈自己將向國會遞交辭呈,希望以此平息國內數周以來一直持續不斷的反政府示威活動。在長達25分鐘的講話中,心力明顯交瘁的Mesa說,「我已經竭盡所能,無計可施…我無法繼續承擔總統的職責,所以決定遞交辭呈,辭去總統職務。」他呼籲示威者平靜下來,以便讓國會方面辯論並批准他的辭職請求,選出新的領導人。

就在Mesa宣佈辭職講話之前不久,拉巴斯市中心爆發了數周以來最大規模的反政府遊行。約8萬名由印第安人、礦工和勞工所組成的示威隊伍包圍總統府與國會大樓,他們高喊Mesa辭職的口號,並要求提前舉行大選。示威者中包括當地的印第安人,貧窮的農民,教師、礦工和工會成員,很多人都來自拉巴斯貧民區,他們的帽子非常搶眼:印第安婦女都戴著黑色投手帽,而農民們則頭戴棒球帽。至於示威者行列中的礦工,則不時扔出幾根炸藥棒,用雷鳴般的爆炸響聲來為示威者壯膽。據美聯社報導,示威者向員警投擲石塊,而警方則以催淚瓦斯還擊。在衝突中,至少有500名試圖沖入政府大樓的示威者被催淚瓦斯驅散,而在拉巴斯市中心另一廣場,警方也成功阻止了數千名示威者的一次抗議集會。據報導,有22名示威者遭到逮捕。

2005/06/07:在位20個月的Mesa表示辭職決心絕不動搖,並呼籲參眾兩院議長放棄接掌政權的順位,讓最高法院院長提前召開大選,以避免爆發內戰。

Mesa主張提前選舉,「讓我們避免人命損失,讓我們避免會吞噬我們所有人的暴亂」。他並警告,玻國已「瀕臨內戰」。Aymara族印地安人的抗議領袖Quispe似乎同意這種想法,他在接受秘魯電台訪問時說,「那樣好多了,因為這麼一來,我們就可以藉助武器來決定國家(的前途)了」。他並說:「白人和印地安人之間存有種族鬥爭,現在是我們(印地安人)掌權以使入侵者歸還我們土地的時候。」

2005/06/08:玻利維亞工人總會與其他社會團體決定在高地城成立革命人民代表大會,不承認中央政府的權威,把玻利維亞的政治危機推到臨淵履薄的危險邊緣。拉巴斯城八日傍晚後已經完全軍事化,媒體焦點則隨著數千名礦工與農民向位於拉巴斯北方的蘇克里出發而轉向,在蘇克里國會就要決定梅沙的下台以及討論是否依照憲法規定由參議院議長瓦加接掌政權。根據玻利維亞憲法規定,只有最高法院院長有權召開選舉。要求參議院長Vaca Diez(西文諧音為乳牛)與眾議院長Cosio放棄接掌政權的壓力日益上升。Cosio於8日晚上表示,如果能保證讓作為接掌政權第三順位的最高法院院長Eduardo Rodriguez擔任總統,他願意放棄接掌政權的順位。

數千名礦工組成的隊伍朝蘇克雷(Sucre)進發,意圖向在那裡集會的國會施加壓力要求提前舉行大選。在蘇克雷,礦工與軍方發生衝突,造成一名礦工中彈身亡。為此議會一度取消緊急會議,但後來仍繼續。

軍方已警告,他們將採取行動以平亂。目前的動亂已使國營航空公司取消了一切國內航班。武裝部隊領導人艾蘭達警告,目前的動亂可能會成為「全國自殺」行為。他宣讀軍方的聲明說:「我們呼籲各方保持冷靜…並尊重憲法。」

玻利維亞瓦斯、燃料與食品供應短缺,示威抗議活動越演越烈,以及全國80幾處的交通要道遭受示威者封鎖,加上8日無土地農民佔領七處油井,包括位於聖克魯斯山脈市北方屬於一家西班牙石油公司的四處油井及英國石油公司在聖馬塔市三處油井,等於雪上加霜。

天主教會發佈新聞稿表示不再從中斡旋,Mesa則請求巴西總統魯拉、阿根廷總統基西納以及聯合國秘書長安南派遣觀察員到玻利維亞,並已獲得魯拉與基西納首肯。玻利維亞是否會爆發內戰,正決定在國會於蘇克里召開的大會。

2005/06/09:國會在參議院領袖Vaca Diez與眾議院主席Cosio放棄接掌政權的順位之後,接受Mesa的辭職,並任命最高法院院長Eduardo Rodriguez為新總統。Rodriguez在午夜過後不久的就職演講中承諾,將早日舉行大選。他說:「我們的職責之一就是展開那個選舉過程,以改選人民代表。」他並未指明選舉日期,但憲法規定,在目前情況下,大選必須在6個月內舉行。

2005/06/10:玻利維亞新總統Rodriguez宣佈將提前召開大選,以進行國家民主體制的改革。

2005/12/18:玻利維亞今天舉行總統大選。假如沒有任何一位候選人在總統大選中贏得百分之五十的選票,玻利維亞國會將於明年一月,在得票率前兩名的候選人當中,選舉其中一人擔任總統。左翼的爭取社會主義運動領袖Evo Morales得票率已超過法定的50%,從而直接當選玻新一屆總統。兩位主要競選對手都已經承認競選失敗,並向Morales表示祝賀。

Morales是印第安人,1959年出生於玻利維亞東部一個只有500名居民的小村。由於家庭貧困,Morales中學未畢業就被迫輟學參軍。退役後,Morales曾長期從事當地印第安人傳統的古柯種植業,並逐步成為古柯農領袖。1995年,Morales組建爭取社會主義運動,1997年高票當選為眾議員,從此進入政壇。在上屆玻利維亞總統大選中,Morales得票率居第二位。

Morales政治上親古巴和委內瑞拉,敬佩卡斯特羅和查韋斯。他曾多次公開批評美國,表示反對帝國主義,反對新自由主義。

玻利維亞是南美洲一個貧窮的內陸國家。過去,玻利維亞長期不受國際社會重視,但是這次大選,由於涉及左右之爭、牽動美國及拉美周邊國家的利益,因此頗受國際社會的關注。

首先,玻利維亞政局的左右之爭,是明年拉美多國大選的預演。2006年,巴西、委內瑞拉、墨西哥、智利(第二輪投票)等拉美國家都將舉行大選,從目前的形勢看,左派力量在大部分國家都佔領先地位。是選擇美國推崇的新自由主義,還是選擇查韋斯風格的社會主義,玻利維亞人民在今天投下的選票,可以被看成是明年拉美大選的晴雨錶。

其次,從外交關繫上考慮,Morales與查韋斯長期保持著密切聯繫。過去幾年中,美國多次指責查韋斯向周邊國家「輸出革命」,其中一個主要「證據」就是查韋斯支持Morales。美國擔心,Morales的當選,將使南美洲又多出一個查韋斯式的政治人物,進一步削弱美國在南美的影響力。

再次,玻利維亞的古柯種植爭端,涉及到美國的反毒政策。古柯是毒品古柯鹼的來源,但是在玻利維亞,古柯是一種傳統經濟作物,它既可當茶飲,又可作藥用。一般認為,每年在玻利維亞都有一部分古柯葉流入到非法市場,成為提取古柯鹼的原料。美國為了反毒,曾以提供經濟援助來推動玻利維亞減少古柯種植,但效果不佳。Morales是古柯農利益的代表,他主張的「消滅古柯鹼、消滅毒品,但保持古柯種植」,頗讓美國不悅。

此外,玻利維亞的天然氣儲量僅次於委內瑞拉,居南美洲第二位。Morales主張對天然氣等自然資源國有化,同時加強政府對外國能源企業的控制,提高稅率。近幾年來,查韋斯不時打能源牌,如果他的盟友Morales出任玻利維亞總統,那麼這一對盟友共執南美能源之牛耳,不光對巴西、智利等能源進口大國產生更大影響,對美國能源市場的影響也不可小覷。

在選舉勝利的當天晚上,Morales發表演說時表示,就任後他將對政府進行重大改革,努力建設一個平等和公正的社會,將幫助最底層百姓擺脫困境。美國國務院官員則表示,「我們希望,不論誰贏得選舉,都能理解玻利維亞的前途不光取決於其內部政策,也取決於它與世界的聯繫」。


參考資料:-BBC.COM.Chinese-《環球時報》-《中國日報》-《中經BP社》-《東森新聞報》-《大紀元》

Music for the MAS

晚上,拿出Jose還有Juan兄弟送給我的十餘片玻利維亞歌舞、音樂DVD來看、聽。

決定從Cholita Marina開始,因為,在每個市集、小炸雞館還有迷你巴士上都可以聽見的歌曲。流行之廣,受歡迎之深,我猜想音樂的傳播與聽者的吸收,也共同建構出了一個cholita的想像吧。

這是我在MTV中剪下來的畫面,那個故事從十來個年輕男女的歌舞開始。


男子皆穿白衫黑長褲,女子則穿短的pollera。

一個男子挑逗其中一個cholita:當她在爐邊工作時想要幫忙結果被燙傷手,女子笑個不停;在水邊求愛結果掉進水中成為落湯雞;最後失意地坐在草地上,女子溫柔慇勤地走到他身邊,輕笑著倚在他身邊。

男子魯莽的動作與不善工作(勞務、尤其是家務,或是某些被視為是女性的工作),也常聽拉哈的朋友們說起。


「他們才不會來賣東西呢!他們害怕。他們覺得這是女人的工作。他們總是想要高高在上」,一個課餘幫忙母親在收費站邊賣麵包的高中女孩,用這樣的話語來形容她在家裡的兄弟們。

上網想要找些相關的歌詞,這是首男性唱給女孩聽的歌。乍聽之下我只聽見了:

她說,你有什麼呢?
何時我們一起吃東西呢?
吃chuño與起司。
床。

結果找到了《每月評論》(MonthlyReview)2005年11月11日,「獻給MAS的音樂」。
在選前,玻利維亞的音樂家們選出「兩首傳唱全玻利維亞的歌」,要送給支持者---出身於"朝向社會主義的運動黨"(Movimiento al Socialismo)的Evo Morales---也就是現在的玻利維亞總統。

"Cholita Marina para Evo"(給Evo的Cholita Marina)
"Contigo Somos MAS" (與你在一起我們是MAS)

Friday, June 23, 2006

2005 IMAGE: 16 de Julio





2005 IMAGE: 16 de Julio [Gas y Policia]




























20050612

早晨在七月十六市集路口排隊等著換購瓦斯的人們。在抗爭將近一個月後,政府與抗爭人群之間達成協議,瓦斯車才終於在警察的護送下穿越高原上各個封鎖點進入城市。


運送完瓦斯要離開的卡車與前導警察。相較於與抗爭鄉民一起回來的警察們,護送瓦斯的警察反而戒備森嚴。

2005 IMAGE: Minero y Campesino

























20050612
16 de julio, El Alto

結束抗爭,從拉巴斯城回高原村社的鄉民與礦工們。據說,是住在Achacachi那個方向的人們。好幾十輛卡車穿越仍滿是石塊、碎玻璃屑的聖保祿二世大道,氣勢驚人。住在城裡的人,在抗爭圍城時,最常掛在嘴邊的就是「鄉民們要下來了」。非常真實的逼迫感。


卡車上寫Alcalde(市長、鎮長),不知道是否以村社鄉鎮為動員單位呢?Achacachi,通往的的喀喀湖上的一個小城。從九0年代就開始有許多與政府的衝突。



Monday, April 17, 2006

2005 IMAGE: Pasear con Mariela

20050419 en Laja





2005 IMAGE: Despedir a Adam

20050419 神父亞當的歡送會。




Sunday, April 16, 2006

2005 IMAGE: My window



20050415 我的窗台與一個小蠟燭。某日下午,與Gladis一起,用未燃盡的蠟燭做成。

2005 IMAGE: Mariela y Maria Luz

20050410 en Chijipata

2005 IMAGE: Viacha

20050409






Viacha是一個鄰近拉巴斯的城市,因為有水泥工廠而聚集了許多人口。Maria提議帶我去逛逛,就找了母親Julia與姊姊Gregoria還有兩個小孩兒一塊去。在這小城邊緣,空地上有許多無家可住的人,棲身在草草搭建的帳棚中。沿路可見荒廢了的鐵路。那一天,Mairia請大家吃冰淇淋。